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Showing posts with label Basic Electrical. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Basic Electrical. Show all posts

Monday, April 15, 2019

11:15 AM

DISTRIBUTION BOARD | DISTRIBUTION FUSE BOARDS


DISTRIBUTION BOARD | DISTRIBUTION FUSE BOARDS



DISTRIBUTION BOARD | DISTRIBUTION FUSE BOARDS


DISTRIBUTION FUSE BOARDS:


In the industries or in very big buildings, where a number of circuits are to be wired, the distribution fuse boards become a necessity.
They usually ironclad and are designed to provide a large space for wiring and splitting the circuits.
The fuse bank in the distribution board can easily be removed. Since there are a number of wires making connection to the various fuse at top and bottom, to facilitate this, the fuse bank can be titled.
Moreover, for further convenience of wiring, the cover plate, top and bottom plates can be removed easily. In the top place, knockouts are provided for fixing the conduits.
NEUTRAL LINKS:
With the help of a neutral link, the normal three-phase fuse board can be converted into 3-phase 4-wire circuits.
Such neutral terminal consists of a terminal for incoming neutral main and a three-way going circuit terminal, both are connected by link which can be detached for test purpose.
The metal components are mounted on high grade vitreous porcelain base.

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER:
 

The modern day practical it to use miniature circuit breakers which are available in sailing varying from 0.5 amps to 100 amps.
These can be available in sailing varying from 0.5 amps to 100 amps.
These can be single pole, double poles or three poles.

Miniature circuit breaker commonly known as MCB are final sub circuit protective device as it comprises of thermal overload and magnetic short circuit tripping devices.
The MCB can carry rated continuously but sustained overloading of 150% or above.
Can be detected by thermal overload device which will trip the MCB.
The thermal elevate prevents rapid resoling of a circuit while the overload still persists.

 PLANNING THE INSTALLATION: 


Until recently a building used to be designed and built before even the electrical services were considered
They were an afterthought and no one contemplated asking an electrical engineer for his opinion at the design stage.
Nowadays with the tremendous demand for electricity, the architect has to design a building with the main points to consider when planning the electrical installation of a building is given, together with practical advice and some typical layouts.

STEP TO CONSIDER AT DESIGN STAGE:


The first and foremost question when planning an installation is whether there is a supply of electricity available.
If there is , how near is it to the proposed building site, is it just across the road or a mile away?
If it is a long distance away, what are the charges to bring it to the site and how longest will take the Supply Company to make the connection?
Although most supplies are now standardized at 440 volts 3 phase a.c., and 250 volts single phase a.c., it is wise to check this.
Before approaching the Electricity Supply Company, the engineer should know the approximate loading of the installation, probable future requirements, and the times when the maximum power can be supplied all the time, or whether there will not be sufficient at peak periods etc.

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Tuesday, April 9, 2019

9:50 PM

EARTHING SYSTEM

EARTHING SYSTEM


EARTHING SYSTEM

 EARTHING SYSTEM
The meaning of earthing or grounding is to connect the electrical equipment to the general mass of earth by wire of negligible resistance.
This brings the body of the electrical equipment to zero potential and thus will avoid the sock to the operator. The neutral of the supply system is also solidly earthed to ensure equal to zero.
WHY IS EARTHING NECESSARY?
If all electrical equipment produced was totally insulated, then there would be no need for earthing.
Unfortunately up to now, insulated covers or casings have been expensive to produce and so metal has been used. The use of metal means that if a fault occurred, the metal could become alive at anything up to mains voltage.
HOW DOES EARTHING GIVE PROTECTION?
The usual method of earthing is to join to exposed metal work to earth to earth via an earth continuity conductor connected to an electrode burried in the earth.
In conjunction with a fuse, or other sillar device, this then forms a protective system. Thus if a live conductor accidentally comes into contact with any exposed metal, it is effectively connected to earth.
WHY IS EARTHING SO IMPORTANT?
Human life is involved where electrical apparatus is used, and an electric shock can be fatal.
Also a violent short circuit can easily start a disastrous fire on a premises.
These are well known facts that are often forgotten when electricity is being used every day.
A can be now, tomorrow, five years time, or possible even never.
It is because an emergency might never occur that an efficient earthing system is often neither installed nor maintained.
Many installations in pakistan have totally inadequate earthin systems, but this is not realized since a fault has not yet occurred.
It is only after someone has been electrocuted or a building is gutted by fire, that it is realized that little or no protection had been given by the protective system.
COMPONENTS / PARTS OF EARTHINGS SYSTEM:
(1) Earthing Continuity Conductor
(2) Earthing Lead or Earth Conductor
(3) Earth Electro ac
EARTH CONTINUITY CONDUCTOR
This is the part of the earthing system, which joinjs or bends together all the metal parts of an insulation.
Conduits, ducts, boxes, metal casings of switches fuse distribution  boards, regulating and controlling apparatus, exposed metal work machines and any metal frame work on which electrical apparatus is mounted.
EARTH LEAD OR EARTH CONDUCTOR:
The earth conductor is the conductor, which provides connection between earth electrode and earth connecting point (Main Earth Point). The earthing conductor must be short and straight with the minimum number of joints. Two forms of earthing conductors, depending upon the load, are commonly used.
these are copper wire and copper strip. Copper strip is used on very large installations.
The usual practice in Pakistan is use to hard drawn copper wire, In case of copper wire duplicating earthing conductor should be run up to the earth electrode in order to increase the protection of installation. If there are two earth plates there should be four earthing conductors.
The area of each of the earthing conductor should not be less than half the area of the largest current path.
When copper wire is installed, it should be enclosed in the G.I Pipes. This gives protection against mechanical damage and corrosion and also can used to guide water to the plate in order to keep the plate and surrounding artificially damped.
EARTH ELECTRODE:
An earth electrode provides connection between the installation metal work and general mass of earth. For domestic installation main water pipe was used as earth electrode. Big installation (over 21 kW) has to have its own earth electrode.
The most common type of electrode is plate of either galvanized iron or copper, Cast iron pipes can also be used in place but are not as efficient as plates.
The main purpose of an electrode is to provide good conductivity with earth at all time.
The way is to install the electrode well below water level. The plate should be placed in an upright position and surrounded by a bed of at least on ft.
REQUIREMENTS FOR EARTHING:
A complete protective system consists of two parts a protective device connected in the supply conductor (such as re-wireable fuse, or overload circuit breaker.
And  a low resistance earth return path bonded to all exposed metal work and earth.
A protective system must be able to deal efficiently with either one or all of the possible circuit faults .
METHODS OF EARTHING:
There are three methods of earthing.
 1.  EARTHING THROUGH A WATER MAIN
 2.  PIPE EARTHING
 3.  PLATE EARTHING:
EARTHING THROUGH A WATER MAIN
Before making an earthing connection to the water main, it must be ascertained that throughout G.I Pipes have been used, otherwise of the cement concrete popes have been used, the earthing will not be effective.
When making an earthing connection, care must be taken to limit the contact resistance to the minimum.
For that purpose properly designed earthing clamp should be used. The stranded copper lead is fanned out and is soldered to make it solid.
Then the lead strip is bent round the pipe so that it may be seated properly over the pipe.
The surface of the pipe is cleaned properly, and all traces or grease are removed and then over it is placed the clamp.
This method is however not popular as water means are of concrete or cement.

 PIPE EARTHING:
If the water-pipe cannot be used as an earth, a galvanized iron pipe of approved length and diameter can be sued. The size of the pipe depends upon (a) the current to be, carried (b) the type of soil.
According to I.S.I.  Standard No. 732-1963 the galvanized iron pipe shall not be less than 38.1 mm.
Diameter and 2m. Long for ordinary soil but if the soil is dry and rocky, the length of the pipe should be increased to 2.75m.

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Tuesday, April 2, 2019

1:30 AM

WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING

WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING


WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING

WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING

The cables used in this type of wiring is eihter VIR or PVC or any other oppproved insulated cables.

The cables are carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing consists of V-shaped grooves (usually two to hold the cables of opposite polarity in different grooves) and is covered at the top by means of rectagular strip of wood, known as capping as capping of same width as that of casing.
The capping is screwed to the casing by means of 13 mm x 4 wooden screws fixed at every 15 cm on the center fillet.
To protect the casing against white ants first class seasoned teak wood varinshed by shellace varnish is employed.
Two or three cables of same polarity (either all phases or all neutrals) may be run in one groove.
The casing is usually placed 3.2 mm apart from the wall or ceiling by means of porcelain distance pieces of thickness not than 6.5 mm in order to keep the casing dry at the back.
The wooden gutties on which the casing is screwed by means of 32 mm x 8 wooden screws are fitted into walls or ceiling at intervals not exeeding 90 cm for sizes of caisng capping up to 64 mm exceeding 60 cm for sizes more than 64  mm. The sizes of the casing to be used depends upons the number and size of cables to be accommodated in any particular length of run.
The table II showing the number of cables of differnt sizes, which can be accommodated in each groove of differnt sizes of casing capping are given.
The length in which casing capping is available varies from 2.5 meters to 3 meters.

Advantages 
 1.  Chpeap in cost as compared to lead sheathed and conduit wiring system.
 2. Easy to instal and rewire.
 3. It provides good installation as conductors are good distance apart.
 4. Free from trouble of consdensation so advantageous in tropical countries where there might be trouble from condensation of moisture in steel conduit.
 5. Easy to inspect be opening the capping.

Disadvantages
 1.  This type of wiring even being coasted with paint or shellace varnish, is not damp proof so can not be used in damp places.
 2. Since there is a risk of fire,  so it can not be used where there is a possibility of fire hazard.
 3. This type of wiring can be used only on surface and can not be concealed in plaster.
Fields of application:
This type Of wiring of suitable for low voltage domestic installations in dry places and where there is no risk of fire hazard.

Precautions to be taken

 1.  The casing-capping used should be of first class seasoned striaght, smooth and hard teak wood.
 2. In no case the cables of opposite polarity should be run in one groove.
 3. The casing must be kept at least 3.2 mm apart from the walls or ceiling by means of porecelain distance pieces of thickness ont less than 6.5 mm in order to keep the casing dry at the back.
 4. The wooden gutties on which the casing is screwed must be fitted into walls or ceillings at an intervals not exceedings 90 cm for sizes of casing capping up to 64 mm and not excceding 60 cm. For sizes more than 64 mm.
 5. The casing should be well fixed fixed to its supporting structure i.e., walls or ceilings.
 6. Gaps should be avoided.
 7. At bends the grooves must be rounded off in order to save installation from damage.
 8. The joint whenever required should be made with good workmanship and in approved manner.
 9. All cappings, should be attached to the casings (after all insulated wirs are laid inside grooves) by round head screws (perferably of brass) fixed on edges and screwed to the outer walls of the casing at an interval not exceeding 15 cm cross-wise (i.e., 30 cm between successive screws one each side) for all sizes upto 64 mm casing and capping. For size above  64 mm similar additional round-head screws should be fixed on the center wall (or alternative walls in case of 3 grooves) at an interval of 45 cm.
10. While screwing capping over the casing precautions should be taken that screws go into the dividing wall of the casing otherwise they will damager the cable instalation.
11. The casing and capping should be painted with the paint as specified in I.S.732 before erection. It is also to be painted or varnished to give desired finish after erection.

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1:29 AM

INTRODUCTION TO CLEAT WIRING

INTRODUCTION TO CLEAT WIRING

INTRODUCTION TO CLEAT WIRING
INTRODUCTION TO CLEAT WIRING

INTRODUCTION TO CLEAT WIRING

In this arrangement of inner wiring the links utilized are either VIR or PVC type.

The links are held by porcelain spikes around 6 mm over the dividers or roofs.

The spikes are made in two parts, one base and the other top. The base is groved to suit the links and the top put over it and entire of it at that point screwed on wooden attachments (gutties) already comented into the divider and roof.

Along these lines the links are immovably grumbled between the two hales of the spikes and verified to the supporting divider and verified to the supporting divider and roof. The screws utilized are of size 38 mm.

The cross-area of the wooden gutties in 38 mm x 38 mm enormous end 25 mm x 25 mm at little and length is aabout 6.5 cm. The spikes utilized are diverse seizes and distinctive sorts so as to accomodate links of different sizes and diverse quantities of links separately.

The spikes are of three sorts one score, two notches and three forests to suit one, two and three links individually.

For low voltage (ap to V) establishments, spikes will be of such measurement that links will not be under 2.5 cm sport for branch circuits and under 4 cm separated for submains. So as to guarantee longer life to projection wiring frameworks, spikes ought to be normally utilized at interims of 30 cm and for no situation at additional

than 60 cm.

ADVANTAGES;

1. It is the least expensive arrangement of inner wiring.

2. Its establishment and disassembly is simple and fast.

3. Material is recoverable after the disassembly.

4. Assessment, shifts and increments can be effectively made.

5. Ability required is pretty much nothing.

DISADVANTAGES;

1. It isn't attractive.

2. It is very impermanent and perishes rapidly.

3. The wires are presented to mechanical damage.

4. The protection gets moistness from the environment and a typical salt like substance shows up on the protection which brings down the protection obstruction and cause spillage. Consequently this arrangement of wiring can not be utilized in soggy spots safety measures in an affirmed way are embraced to successfully keep clamminess from weakening the protection of transmitters.

5. Oil and smoke are wounds to VIR protection.

FIELDS OF APPLICATIONS: 

The wiring of this sort is entirely reasonable for transitory establishments in dry spots. This is likewise acknowledged where appearance isn't so imperative and efficiency is the principle thought. This framework isn't reasonable for use in local premises.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED:

1. The wooden gutties ought to be embedded in dividers with their more noteworthy x-segment towards the divider and ought to be separated at an interim not surpassing 60 cm vertically or evenly.

2. Appropriate sort of spikes ought to be utilized for example one way spikes ought to be utilized to convey one wire, two-way spikes ought to be utilized to convey two wires, etc.

3. For no situation two wires ought to be accomodated in one depression of porcelain cleasts.

4. For low voltage (upto 250 V) establishments, cleasts utilized ought to be of such measurements that links will not be under 2.5 cm separated in branch circuits and 4 cm separated in sub-mains.

5. The links must be laid extended between the spikes so that there is a contact with the divider or roof.

6. The links ought not be kept running close water funnels, gas channels and structureral work.

7. In fitting wiring, joint patterns or breaker patterns ought not be utilized for any reason. In the event that joints become unavoidable wooden intersection boxes with porcelain conductors inside might be utilized.

8. Every single wooden fitting, for example, sheets, squares and so forth. Ought to be of all around prepared teak wood or of some other endorsed protecting material and ought to be of twofold sort for example separate base and best, the wooden sheets ought to be all around varnshed on all sides (both inside and outside) and might be mounted with reasonable porcelain insulatores behind the sheets whenever wanted.

9. The links should nor be packed nor left free.

10. While drawing links, the protection ought not get harmed in light of undue winding or bowing.

11. Sharp curves ought to be stayed away from and the separating between the spikes under the twists must be diminished.

12. At the point when the links are to go through floors, dividers, allotments, ceillings or other hid areas, they should be helped through channels. While going through floors the channel ought to be proceeded to a tallness at least 1.5 meter over the floors. The channel ought to be appropriately earthed to evade any peril.

13. Wooden busings ought to be utilized at end of the courses.

14. A projection must be fixed near each finish of the courses and fittings.

15. Where links cross one another, they ought to be isolated by a protecting extension pipe piece, which will keep up a separation of at 1.3 cm between the links.

16. After fulfillment of work, two coatings of varnish ought to be given before puting it to utilize.l
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1:22 AM

Wiring Accessories

Wiring Accessories

Wiring Accessories
Wiring Accessories

Wiring Accessories

Under the heading of lightening accessories, come the switches, lamp holders, ceiling roses, socket outlets and plugs etc.

Switches:

A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit.
It should so operated that it must make the circuit firm.
At the instant of breaking the switch it should break the current so that there is no formation of are between the switch blades and contact terminals. 
Formation of are burns or damages the switch contacts.
Such so as to have a quick action.
Following are the various types of switches.

Surface Switch:

These switches are mounted on the mounting blocks fixed over the surface of the wall, i.e., such types of switches project out of the surface of the wall.
These are of two types.

Single-way Switch:

This switch is provided with a single pole to control one light point at a time.

Two-way Switch:

These are used for wiring circuits which are to be controlled from twi points independently such as stair wiring .

Flush Switch:

These switches are fixed in flesh with the wall and do not project out.
Such types are used where high quality performance and appearance as desired.
Now-a-days in every new bulit house such types of switch are used.
Sometimes these swiches are called Paino type switches.
All above written swiches are made for 5A, 250V and 15A 250V.

Pull Switches or Ceiling Switches:

These switches are fixed on the ceiling and all the alive parts are out of reach of the operator.
These ars operated with a single pull on the card for the on and off position. These switches are used in bath rooms where water heater are used. These are also used in bed-rooms.

Gird Switches:

The grid switches are similar to tumbler switches, except that they are lighter and are portable type, so thay are used for the portable machines such as hand drill, portable grinder, etc.
They are manufactured either in single-way or two-way pattern both for 5 and 15 amperes.

Rotary Switches:

These switches are much different from the ordinary tumbler switches.
These switches are used for hot plates voltage stabilizers, etc., where many tapping are taken.


Push Button Switches:

These switches are used for bell circuits, refrigerator lighting circuit.

Iron Clad Water-Tight Switches:

Such switches are of carst iron, have very robust construction and are used for outdoor lamp controls.

Knife Switches:

The knife Switches consists of blades hinged at one end and are arranged to go into forked terminals or jaws at the other end.
These are available as single throw switches or double throw switches.
These are used for electroplating work.

Lamp holders:

As the name shows, a lamp holder is used to hold the lamp required for lighting purposes.

These holders can be classified as

(i) Bayonet cap lamp holders which can further be sub-divided into.

(a) Pendent holder- used for hanging lights upto 250 watts.

(b) Batton holder- used for wall fixed light upto 250 watts.

(c) Screwed holder- which when used with a bracket is called as bracket holder-upto 250 watts.

(ii) Screw lamp holders: These type of holders are used with screwed type, lamps upto 1000 watts 250 volts.

(iii) Fluorescent lamp holders: These arw either bi-pin type or of baycnent cap type, but pin type holders are generally used.

Ceiling Roses: 
These are used to provide a tapping to the pendent lamp holders, fan or fluorescent tube through the flexible wire.

These are two types:

(i) 2-plate type
(ii) 3-plate type

 According to Indian Standards 732-SI

(a) A ceiling rose or any other similar attachment shall not be used on the circuit, the voltage of which normally exceeds 250 volts.

(b) Normally only one flexible cord shall be attached to a ceiling rose.

(c) A ceiling rose shall not embody fuse terminal as integral part of it.

Socket Outlet: 

The socket outlets have all insulated base with moulded or socket base having 3-terminal sleeves.
The two thin terminals sleeves are meant for making connection to the cable with the third terminal sleeves thinker in cross-section is used for earth connection.
The cover is again moulded and has corresponding 3 holes.
There are made for 5 amps, and 15 amps load.

Plugs: 
For taking power from socket outlets, 3 pin plugs and used.
These are also made for 5 amps and 15 amps.

Main Switches: 

The main switches are used to control the whole supply for a house of office.

These are following types:

I.O.D.P:
Iron clad double pole main switch used for single phase supply control and is made for 15 amps., 30 amps.,60 amps., 100 amps., 250 volts.

I.O.D.P: 
Iron clad triple pole main switch used for 3-phase supply control and is made for 15 amps., 30 amps., 60 amps., 100 amps., 150 amps., 200 amps, and 500, volts 3-phase, 4-wire main switches are also available on neutral fourth wire link is used.


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Tuesday, March 26, 2019

9:34 PM

CTS or TRS wiring (Batten Wiring System)

CTS or TRS wiring (Batten Wiring System)


CTS or TRS wiring (Batten Wiring System)


CTS or TRS wiring (Batten Wiring System)

In this type of wiring the cables used may single core, twin core or three cores T.R.S cables with a circular over shape.
Usually single core cables are preferred. T.R.S cables are sufficiently chemical proof water proof, steam proof but are silghtly effected by lubricating oils.

T.R.S cables are run on well seasoned, perfectly straight and well varnished (on all four sizes) teak wood batten of thickness 10mm at least.
The Width of the batten depends upon the number and size of cable to carried by it.

The battens are available in width of 13, 19, 25, 31, 38, 44, 50, 63, 69, and 75 mm.
The wood battens are secured to the walls or ceiling by flat head wood screws to wood or other approved plugs at an interval not exeeding 75 cm.
The cables are held on the wood by means of horizontal runs and 15 cm in case of vertical runs.
The wiring after erection os neatly painted with two coasts of oil non crackig paint, as specified in IS 732 and so on.

ADVANTAGES:

 1.  Its installation is easy and quick and saving in labour largely compensate for the extra cost of the cable.
 2. Its life is long.
 3. Within certain limits it is fire proof.
 4. It can withstand the action of most chemicals such as acids and alkalies.
 5. It is cheaper than other types of wiring except claest wiring.
 6. If the job is carried out with proper attention, it gives a nice appearance.

DISADVANTAGES:

 1. Good workmanship is required to make a sound job in TRS wiring.
 2. This type of wiring can not be recommended for use in situations open to sun or rain unless preventive steps are taken to preserve the insulation of cables.

FIELDS OF APPLICATION:

The TRS wiring is suitable for low voltage installations and is extensively used for lighting purpose every where i.e. in domestic, domestic, commercial or industrical buildings except workshop where it is liable to mechanial injury.
This type of wiring is suitable in situations where acids and alkailes are likely to be present.

PRECAUTIONS:

 1.  The battem used must be of well seasoned and perfectly straight teak wood and of thickness 10 mm at leat.
 2. The batten should be well varnish (on all four side).
 3. The wooden gutties or plugs to which batten is to be fixed should be spaced at an interval not exceeding 75 cm.
 4. While passing through structural steel works the wooden bushes should be provided in holes, and also at the ends of conduit or pioe used while wiring is being passed through walls or ceilings.
 5. Fibre clips should not be used in damp situations as these are hydrosocopic.
 6. The ends of the cables must be sealed with compounds in damp situations.
 7. When the cables are to pass through floors, walls, partitions or other concealed locations, they must be carried through conduits.
 8. The wiring after erection must be neatly painted with, two coats of oilless non-cracking paint, as specified in IS 732.
 9. If the fittings are accessories are to be erected in damp situations, patterns with suitable glands and of thoroughly good water tight construction must be chosen.

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Sunday, March 3, 2019

12:05 AM

What is electricity in physics?

What is electricity in physics?

What is electricity in physics?

The first thing which comes to our mind in the study of electricity is the generation of electric current, which we shall show as the rate of motion of charges in a conductor.

The best conductors are metals, particularly silver, copper, gold, aluminium. In these metals, the electric charges can flow very easily.

In metallic conductors, there is always present a large number of free electrons actually detached from their parent atoms which constitute a kind of electron gas. These free electrons are capable of moving freely in random directions in the inter atomic space of the metal.
In insulators, the electrons are rigidly bound to the atoms and so cannot move and hence no current can flow through them.
In the absence of an electric field across the conductor, the free electrons have a thermal velocity at normal temperature which is of the order of a million meter per second.

The velocities of these electrons are randomly directed and in effect the number of electrons moving in the opposite direction to maintain the neutral state of on establishing an electric field between the two ends of a wire by applying a potential difference, these free electrons having a negative charge on them, experience a force in the opposite direction to the field and hence acquire an acceleration in that direction. These free which, in the absence of the electric field were moving towards the positive terminal of the battery are now accelerated while those moving away from the said terminal are retarded, the net effect is that an additional component of velocity towards the positive terminal is superimposed on the free electrons over their thermal velocity after they suffered certain number of collisions with the atoms.
This additional component of velocity due to the electric field is known as drift velocity. The magnitude of this velocity is of the order of 0.01 metre per second.
This drift velocity in the free electrons is really responsible for the generation of electric current in the wire. Thus we see that electric current in a conductor is due to the flow of electrons.
From differnet equations by putting the given values of 'm' in the given equation y=mx.
For each equation work out corresponding value of dependant variable 'y' by putting different values of independent variable 'x'.
Take at least five observations by changing the independent variable in regular steps over a suitable and wide range.
Draw two mutually perpendicular lines as reference axes.
One horizontal coinciding with the thick horizontal line of the graph paper and near the botttom of the graph paper to represent x-axis and the other vertical along the extreme left of the graph paper to represent y-axis.

What is electricity in physics?

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